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孙子兵法英汉对照 司马光 擒贼擒王 亨利·明茨伯格 About In-House Training 三十六计
孙子兵法英文
Sun Tzu on the Art of War
The Art of War
孙子兵法 is an ancient Chinese military treatise
that is attributed to Sun Tzu (also referred to as "Sunzi" and "Sun Wu"), a high
ranking military general and strategist during the late Spring and Autumn period
(some scholars believe that the Art of War was not completed until the
subsequent Warring States period). Composed of 13 chapters, each of which is
devoted to one aspect of warfare, it is said to be the definitive work on
military strategies and tactics of its time, and is still read for its military
insights.
The Art of War is one of the oldest and most successful books on military
strategy in the world. It has been the most famous and influential of China's
Seven Military Classics: "for the last two thousand years it remained the most
important military treatise in Asia, where even the common people knew it by
name." It has had an influence on Eastern military thinking, business tactics,
and beyond.
Sun Tzu emphasized the importance of positioning in military strategy, and that
the decision to position an army must be based on both objective conditions in
the physical environment and the subjective beliefs of other, competitive actors
in that environment. He thought that strategy was not planning in the sense of
working through an established list, but rather that it requires quick and
appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled
environment, but in a changing environment, competing plans collide, creating
unexpected situations.
The book was first translated into the French language in 1772 by French Jesuit
Jean Joseph Marie Amiot, and into English by British officer Everard Ferguson
Calthrop in 1905. Leaders as diverse as Mao Zedong, General Vo Nguyen Giap,
Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini, General Douglas MacArthur, and leaders of Imperial
Japan have drawn inspiration from the work. The Art of War has also been applied
to business and managerial strategies.
Different Translation of titles of the 13 chapters
The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān), and the collection is
referred to as being one chuán ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle"). Because
different translations have used different titles for each chapter, a selection
appears below.
Chapter Lionel Giles (1910) R.L. Wing (1988) Ralph D. Sawyer (1996) Chow-Hou Wee
(2003)
I Laying Plans The Calculations Initial Estimations Detail Assessment and
Planning
(Chinese: 始計，始计)
II Waging War The Challenge Waging War Waging War
(Chinese: 作戰，作战)
III Attack by Stratagem The Plan of Attack Planning Offensives Strategic Attack
(Chinese: 謀攻，谋攻)
IV Tactical Dispositions Positioning Military Disposition Disposition of the
Army
(Chinese: 軍形，军形)
V Energy Directing Strategic Military Power Forces
(Chinese: 兵勢，兵势)
VI Weak Points and Strong Illusion and Reality Vacuity and Substance Weaknesses
and Strengths
(Chinese: 虛實，虚实)
VII Maneuvering Engaging The Force Military Combat Military Maneuvers
(Chinese: 軍爭，军争)
VIII Variation of Tactics The Nine Variations Nine Changes Variations and
Adaptability
(Chinese: 九變，九变)
IX The Army on the March Moving The Force Maneuvering the Army Movement and
Development of Troops
(Chinese: 行軍，行军)
X Terrain Situational Positioning Configurations of Terrain Terrain
(Chinese: 地形)
XI The Nine Situations The Nine Situations Nine Terrains The Nine Battlegrounds
(Chinese: 九地)
XII The Attack by Fire The Fiery Attack Incendiary Attacks Attacking with Fire
(Chinese: 火攻)
XIII The Use of Spies The Use of Intelligence Employing Spies Intelligence and
Espionage
(Chinese: 用間，用间)
Chapter summary
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War I. LAYING PLANS
Laying Plans/The Calculations explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state, and must not be commenced without due consideration.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War II. WAGING WAR
Waging War/The Challenge explains how to understand the economy of warfare, and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
Attack by Stratagem/The Plan of Attack defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army, and Cities.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
Tactical Dispositions/Positioning explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War V. ENERGY
Energy/Directing explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
Weak Points & Strong/Illusion and Reality explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy in a given area.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War VII. MANEUVERING
Maneuvering/Engaging The Force explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War VIII. VARIATION IN TACTICS
Variation in Tactics/The Nine Variations focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
The Army on the March/Moving The Force describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War X. TERRAIN
Terrain/Situational Positioning looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers, and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offer certain advantages and disadvantages.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
The Nine Situations/Nine Terrains describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE
The Attack by Fire/Fiery Attack explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack, and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
孙子兵法英文 Sun Tzu on the Art of War XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
The Use of Spies/The Use of Intelligence focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.
Authenticity
Traditionalist view point
Traditionalist scholars attribute this book to the historical Sun Wu, who is
recorded in both the Shiji and the Spring and Autumn Annals as having been
active in Wu around the end of the sixth century BC, beginning in 512 BC. The
traditional interpretation concludes that the text should therefore date from
this period, and should directly reflect the tactics and strategies used and
created by Sun Wu. The traditionalist approach assumes that only very minor
revision may have occurred shortly after Sunzi's death, in the early fifth
century BC, as the body of his writings may have needed to be compiled in order
to form the complete, modern text.
The textual support for the traditionalist view is that several of the oldest of
the Seven Military Classics share a focus on specific literary concepts (such as
terrain classifications) which traditionalist scholars assume were created by
Sunzi. The Art of War also shares several entire phrases in common with the
other Military Classics, implying that other texts borrowed from the Art of War,
and/or that The Art of War borrowed from other texts. According to
traditionalist scholars, the fact that The Art of War was the most widely
reproduced and circulated military text of the Warring States period indicates
that any textual borrowing between military texts must have been exclusively
from The Art of War to other texts, and not vice versa. (The classical texts
which most similarly reflect Sunzi's terms and phraseology are the Wei Liaozi
and Sun Bin's Art of War.)
Later criticism
Skeptics to the traditionalist view within China have abounded since at least
the time of the Song dynasty. Some, following Du Fu, accused The Art of War's
first commentator, Cao Cao, of butchering the text. The criticisms of Cao Cao
were based on a Book of Han bibliographical notation of a work composed of
eighty-two sections that was attributed to Sunzi. The description of a work of
Sunzi composed of eighty-two sections contrasts with the Shiji description of
The Art of War as having thirteen sections (the current number). Others doubted
Sunzi's historical existence, and/or claimed that the work must be a later
forgery. Much of The Art of War's historical condemnation within China has been
due to its realistic approach to warcraft: it advocates utilizing spies and
deception. The advocacy of dishonest methods contradicted perceived Confucian
values, making it a target of Confucian literati throughout later Chinese
history. According to later Confucian scholars, Sun Wu's historical existence
was accordingly a late fabrication, unworthy of consideration except by the
morally reprehensible.
Modern archaeological findings
The discovery in 1972 of a nearly-complete Han dynasty copy of The Art of War
(Han Dynasty, 206 BCE -220 CE) from a tomb, which is almost completely identical
to modern editions, proves conclusively that The Art of War had achieved its
current form by at least the early Han dynasty, and findings of less-complete
copies dated earlier support the view that it existed in roughly its current
form by at least the time of the mid-late Warring States. Because the
archaeological evidence proves that The Art of War existed in its present form
by the early Han dynasty, the Han dynasty record of a work of eighty-two
sections attributed to Sunzi is assumed by modern historians to be either a
mistake, or a lost work combining the existing The Art of War with biographical
and dialectical material. Some modern scholars suggest that The Art of War must
have existed in thirteen sections before Sunzi met the King of Wu, since the
king mentions the number thirteen in the Shiji's description of their meeting.
Was the Art of War created in the late Warring States?
Without questioning that The Art of War has existed in roughly its current form
since at least the late Warring States period, the traditionalist interpretation
of the text's history is challenged by modern historians. Even if the
possibility of later revisions is disregarded, the traditionalist interpretation
that Sunzi created The Art of War ex nihilo, and that all other military
scholars must have copied and borrowed from him, disregards the likelihood of
any previous formal or literary tradition of tactical studies, despite the
historical existence of over 2,000 years of Chinese warfare and tactical
development before 500 BC. Because it is unlikely that Sunzi effectively created
China's entire body of tactical studies, "basic concepts and common passages
seem to argue in favor of a comprehensive military tradition and evolving
expertise, rather than creation ex nihilo."
One modern alternative to the traditionalist theory states that The Art of War
achieved its current form by the mid-to-late Warring States (the fourth-to-third
century BC), centuries after the historical Sun Wu's death. This interpretation
is based on disparities between The Art of War's tactics and the historical
conditions of warfare in the late Spring and Autumn period (the late sixth
century BC). Examples of warfare described in The Art of War which did not occur
until the Warring States period include: the mobilization of one thousand
chariots and 100,000 soldiers for a single battle; protracted sieges (cities
were small, weakly fortified, economically and strategically unimportant centers
in the Spring and Autumn period); the existence of military officers as a
distinct subclass of nobility; deference of rulers' right to command armies to
these officers; the advanced and detailed use of spies and unorthodox tactics
(never emphasized at all in the Spring and Autumn period); and, the extensive
emphasis on infantry speed and mobility, rather than chariot warfare. Because
the conditions and tactics advocated in The Art of War are historically
anachronistic to the historical Sun Wu's time, it is possible that The Art of
War was created in the mid-to-late Warring States period.
Was it an early Warring States creation?
A view that mediates between the traditionalist interpretation, that the
historical Sun Wu was the only contributor to The Art of War, and the most
opposite possible interpretation, that The Art of War was created in the
mid-late Warring States period, centuries after the historical Sun Wu's death,
is that the core of the text was created by Sun Wu and underwent a period of
revision before achieving roughly its current form within a century of Sun Wu's
death (in the last half of the fifth-century BC). "It seems likely that the
historical figure (of Sun Wu) existed, and that he not only served as a
strategist and possibly a general, but also composed the core of the book that
bears his name. Thereafter, the essential teachings were probably transmitted
within the family or a close-knit school of disciples, being improved and
revised with the passing decades while gradually gaining wider dissemination."
The view that The Art of War achieved roughly its current form by the late
fifth-century BC is supported by the recovery of the oldest existing fragments
of The Art of War, and by the analysis of the prose of The Art of War, which is
similar to other texts dated more definitively to the late fifth-century BC
(i.e. Mozi), but dissimilar either to earlier (i.e. The Analects) or later (i.e.
Xunzi) literature from roughly the same period. This theory accounts both for
the historical record attributing The Art of War to Sun Wu, and for the
description of tactics anachronistic to Sun Wu's time within The Art of War.
Some scholars have raised questions regarding the authenticity of the list of
virtues ascribed to the commander in Section I, ss.9. It has been urged that
this section was added posthumously to align The Art of War with the five
cardinal virtues of Confucianism. This is based on the contention that sincerity
stands opposed to the deception in war that the text discusses. Because
archeological recoveries of the text prove that the text existed in roughly its
present form by the early Han dynasty (when Confucianism was first officially
adopted as the state philosophy), because archeological recoveries make it very
probable that The Art of War existed in roughly its present form by (at the
latest) the mid-late Warring States period, and because Confucian scholars in
late Chinese history did not recognize The Art of War as promoting Confucian
values, it is unlikely that the modern text was directly altered by early
Confucian scholars to reflect Confucian values. If the modern text of The Art of
War reflects contrasting interpretations of the value in chivalry in warfare,
the existence of these differing interpretations within the text supports the
theory that the core of The Art of War was created by a figure (i.e. the
historical Sun Wu) who existed at a time when chivalry was more highly valued
(i.e. the Spring and Autumn period), and that the text was amended by his
followers to reflect the realities of warfare in a subsequent, distinctly
un-chivalric period (i.e. the Warring States period).
Annotations
A portion of The Art of War in Tangut script.Before the bamboo scroll version
was discovered by archaeologists in April 1972, a commonly cited version of The
Art of War was the Annotation of Sun Tzu's Strategies by Cao Cao, the founder of
the Kingdom of Wei. In the preface, he wrote that previous annotations were not
focused on the essential ideas. Other annotations cited in official history
books include Shen You's (176-204) Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, Jia Xu's Copy of
Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, Cao Cao and Wang Ling's Sun Tzu's Military
Strategy.
The Book of Sui documented seven books named after Sun Tzu. An annotation by Du
Mu also includes Cao Cao's annotation. Li Jing's The Art of War is said to be a
revision of Master Sun's strategies. Annotations by Cao Cao, Du Mu and Li Quan
were translated into the Tangut language before AD 1040. A book named Ten
Schools of The Art of War Annotations was published before AD 1161.
After the movable type printer was invented, The Art of War (with Cao Cao's
annotations) was published in a military textbook along with six other strategy
books, collectively known as the Seven Military Classics (武经七书).
As required reading military textbooks since the Song Dynasty, the Seven
Military Classics have had many annotations. More than 30 differently annotated
versions of these books exist today.
The two most common traditional Chinese versions of the Art of War, (the
Complete Specialist Focus and Military Bible versions) were the sources for
early translation into English and other languages. It was not until the 1970s
that these works were compiled with more recent archeological discoveries into a
single more complete version in Taipei, Taiwan. The resulting work is known as
the Complete Version of Sun Tzu's Art of War. The National Defense Research
Investigation Office has been the source for more recent and complete
translations.
Quotations
Verses from the book occur in modern daily Chinese idioms and phrases, such as
the last verse of Chapter 3:
故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼，不知己，每戰必殆。
So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you can win a
hundred battles without a single loss.
If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose.
If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself.
This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the modern proverb:
知己知彼，百戰不殆。
If you know both yourself and your enemy, you can win numerous (literally, "a
hundred") battles without jeopardy.
Military applications
In many East Asian countries, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for
potential candidates of military service examinations. Various translations are
available.
During the Sengoku era in Japan, a daimyo named Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is
said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns,
because he studied The Art of War. The book even gave him the inspiration for
his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain),
meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as
a mountain.
The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung"
where The Art of War is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the
Protracted War, and Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War and includes
Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the
great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and
you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"
During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War, and
reportedly could recite entire passages from memory.
General Vo Nguyen Giap successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of
War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in
Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and
South. General Vo, later the military mastermind behind victories over American
forces in Vietnam, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu’s ideas.
America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the
attention of leaders of American military theory.
Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art
of War. They both read it in French; Airo kept the French translation of the
book on his bedside table in his quarters.
The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General
Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their
respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of
war. The Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each
individual unit, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for
presentation to other officers on their readings.
The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program
(formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for
all United States Military Intelligence personnel and is required reading for
all CIA officers.
Application outside the military
The Art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military.
Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do
battle: it gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle
is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many
competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.
There are business books applying its lessons to "office politics" and corporate
strategy.Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key
executives.The book is also popular among Western business management, who have
turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive
business situations. It has also been applied to the field of education.
The Art of War has been the subject of various law books and legal articles on
the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.
The Art of War has also been applied in the world of sports. NFL coach Bill
Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights
in preparing for games.Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association
football coaches Luis Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to
have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study
the ancient work during their successful campaign.
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