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The Song Dynasty - Society and culture Decision Making 低碳生活 张智勇
Southern Song
Southern Song, 1127–1279
Although weakened and pushed south along the Huai River,
the Southern Song found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend its
own state against the Jin Dynasty. They had able military officers such as Yue
Fei and Han Shizhong. The government sponsored massive shipbuilding and harbor
improvement projects, and the construction of beacons and seaport warehouses in
order to support maritime trade abroad and the major international seaports,
such as Quanzhou, Guangzhou, and Xiamen, that were sustaining China's
commerce. To protect and support the multitudes of ships sailing for
maritime interests into the waters of the East China Sea and Yellow Sea (to
Korea and Japan), Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea, it was a
necessity to establish an official standing navy. The Song Dynasty therefore
established China's first permanent navy in 1132, with a headquarters at Dinghai. With a permanent navy, the Song were prepared to face the naval
forces of the Jin on the Yangtze River in 1161, in the Battle of Tangdao and the
Battle of Caishi. During these battles the Song navy employed swift paddle wheel
driven naval vessels armed with trebuchet catapults aboard the decks that
launched gunpowder bombs. Although the Jin forces boasted 70,000 men on 600
warships, and the Song forces only 3,000 men on 120 warships, the Song
Dynasty forces were victorious in both battles due to the destructive power of
the bombs and the rapid assaults by paddle wheel ships. The strength of the
navy was heavily emphasized after that. A century after the navy was founded it
had grown in size to 52,000 fighting marines. The Song government
confiscated portions of land owned by the landed gentry in order to raise
revenue for these projects, an act which caused dissension and loss of loyalty
amongst leading members of Song society but did not stop the Song's defensive
preparations. Financial matters were made worse by the fact that many wealthy,
land-owning families—some which had officials working for the government—used
their social connections with those in office in order to obtain tax-exempt
status.
A seated wooden Bodhisattva statue, Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)Although the Song
Dynasty was able to hold back the Jin, a new considerable foe came to power over
the steppe, deserts, and plains north of the Jin Dynasty. The Mongols, led by
Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227), initially invaded the Jin Dynasty in 1205 and 1209,
engaging in large raids across its borders, and in 1211 an enormous Mongol army
was assembled to invade the Jin. The Jin Dynasty was forced to submit and pay
tribute to the Mongols as vassals; when the Jin suddenly moved their capital
city from Beijing to Kaifeng, the Mongols saw this as a revolt. Under the
leadership of Ögedei Khan (r.1229–1241), both the Jin Dynasty and Western
Xia Dynasty were conquered by Mongol forces. The Mongols also invaded Korea,
the Abbasid Caliphate of the Middle East, and Kievan Rus'. The Mongols were at
one time allied with the Song, but this alliance was broken when the Song
recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang and Chang'an at the
collapse of the Jin Dynasty. The Mongol leader Möngke Khan led a campaign
against the Song in 1259, but died on August 11 during the Battle of Fishing
Town in Chongqing. Möngke's death and the ensuing succession crisis prompted
Hulagu Khan to pull the bulk of the Mongol forces out of the Middle East where
they were poised to fight the Egyptian Mamluks (who defeated the Mongols at Ain
Jalut). Although Hulagu was allied with Kublai Khan, his forces were unable to
help in the assault against the Song, due to Hulagu's war with the Golden Horde.
Kublai continued the assault against the Song, gaining a temporary foothold on
the southern banks of the Yangtze. Kublai made preparations to take Ezhou,
but a pending civil war with his brother Ariq Böke—a rival claimant to the
Mongol Khaganate—forced Kublai to move with the bulk of his forces back north. In Kublai's absence, the Song forces were ordered by Chancellor Jia
Sidao to make an opportune assault, and succeeded in pushing the Mongol forces
back to the northern banks of the Yangzi. There were minor border skirmishes
until 1265, when Kublai won a significant battle in Sichuan. From 1268 to
1273, Kublai blockaded the Yangzi River with his navy and besieged Xiangyang,
the last obstacle in his way to invading the rich Yangzi River basin. Kublai
officially declared the creation of the Yuan Dynasty in 1271. In 1275, a Song
force of 130,000 troops under Chancellor Jia Sidao was defeated by Kublai's
newly appointed commander-in-chief, general Bayan. By 1276, most of the Song
territory had been captured by Yuan forces. In the Battle of Yamen on the
Pearl River Delta in 1279, the Yuan army, led by the general Zhang Hongfan,
finally crushed the Song resistance. The last remaining ruler, the 8-year-old
emperor Emperor Huaizong of Song committed suicide, along with Prime Minister Lu
Xiufu and 800 members of the royal clan. On Kublai's orders, carried out by
his commander Bayan, the rest of the former imperial family of Song were
unharmed; the deposed Emperor Gong was demoted, being given the title 'Duke of
Ying', but was eventually exiled to Tibet where he took up a monastic life.
La Dynastie Song 宋朝 南宋 范仲淹苏幕遮 French 范仲淹 晏几道减字木兰花 撼庭秋 岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Technology, science, and engineering
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