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The Song Dynasty - Northern Song Decision Making 低碳生活 张智勇
Society and culture
Society and culture
The Song Dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social
organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during
this period (Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million). People
enjoyed various social clubs and entertainment in the cities, and there were
many schools and temples to provide the people with education and religious
services. The Song government supported multiple forms of social welfare
programs, including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and
pauper's graveyards. The Song Dynasty supported a widespread postal service that
was modeled on the earlier Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) postal system to
provide swift communication throughout the empire. The central government
employed thousands of postal workers of various ranks and responsibilities to
provide service for post offices and larger postal stations. In rural areas,
farming peasants either owned their own plots of land, paid rents as tenant
farmers, or were serfs on large estates.
Although women were on a lower social tier than men (according to Confucian
ethics), they enjoyed many social and legal privileges and wielded considerable
power at home and in their own small businesses. As Song society became more and
more prosperous and parents on the bride's side of the family provided larger
dowries for her marriage, women naturally gained many new legal rights in
ownership of property. They were also equal in status to men in inheriting
family property. There were many notable and well-educated women and it was a
common practice for women to educate their sons during their earliest youth. The mother of the scientist, general, diplomat, and statesman Shen Kuo
(沈括) taught him
essentials of military strategy. There were also
exceptional women writers and poets such as Li Qingzhao (李清照,
1084–1151), who became famous even in her lifetime.
Religion in China during this period had a great effect on people's lives,
beliefs and daily activities, and Chinese literature on spirituality was
popular. The major deities of Daoism and Buddhism, ancestral spirits and the
many deities of Chinese folk religion were worshiped with sacrificial offerings. Tansen Sen
asserts that more Buddhist monks from India traveled to China during the Song
than in the previous Tang Dynasty (618–907). With many ethnic
foreigners traveling to China to conduct trade or live permanently, there came
many foreign religions; religious minorities in China included Middle Eastern
Muslims, the Kaifeng Jews, and Persian Manichaeans.
There were
entertainment quarters in the cities provided a constant array of amusements.
There were puppeteers, acrobats, theater actors, sword swallowers, snake
charmers, storytellers, singers and musicians, prostitutes, and places to relax
including tea houses, restaurants, and organized banquets. People
attended social clubs in large numbers; there were tea clubs, exotic food clubs,
antiquarian and art collectors' clubs, horse-loving clubs, poetry clubs and
music clubs. Like regional cooking and cuisines in the Song, the era was known
for its regional varieties of performing arts styles as well. Theatrical drama
was very popular amongst the elite and general populace, although Classical
Chinese—not the vernacular language—was spoken by actors on stage. The four
largest drama theatres in Kaifeng could hold audiences of several thousand each. There were also notable domestic pastimes, as
people at home enjoyed activities such as the go and xiangqi board games.
La Dynastie Song 宋朝
宋朝文化 The
Song Dynasty - Food and Clothing
French
范仲淹
晏几道减字木兰花
撼庭秋
岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Southern Song
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