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United States Bill of Rights
The Bill of
Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States
Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed
Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal
freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and
reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments
applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied
to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, through a
process known as incorporation.
On June 8, 1789 Representative James Madison introduced a series of thirty-nine
amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his
recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting
specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven
of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights
amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles
of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for
ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be
incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as
"supplemental" additions to it. On December 15, 1791, Articles Three–Twelve,
having been ratified by the required number of states, became Amendments One–Ten
of the Constitution.
First Amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Second Amendment
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Third Amendment
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Fourth Amendment
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Fifth Amendment
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Sixth Amendment
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Seventh Amendment
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Eighth Amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Ninth Amendment
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Tenth Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
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The Declaration of Independence Constitution of the People's Republic of China
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United States Constitution Magna Carta
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