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The Song Dynasty - Arts, literature, and philosophy Decision Making 低碳生活 张智勇
Military and methods of warfare
“Four Generals of Zhongxing,中兴四将” by Southern Song Dynasty artist Liu Songnian (刘松年 1174–1224)
The Song military was chiefly organized to ensure that the army could not
threaten Imperial control, often at the expense of effectiveness in war.
Northern Song's Military Council operated under a Chancellor, who had no control
over the imperial army. The imperial army was divided among three marshals, each
independently responsible to the Emperor. Since the Emperor rarely led campaigns
personally, Song forces lacked unity of command. The imperial court often
believed that successful generals endangered royal authority, and relieved or
even executed them (notably Li Gang, Yue Fei, and Han Shizhong.)
Although the scholar-officials viewed military soldiers as lower members in the
hierarchic social order, a person could gain status and prestige in society by
becoming a high ranking military officer with a record of victorious battles. At
its height, the Song military had one million soldiers divided into platoons of
50 troops, companies made of two platoons, and one battalion composed of 500
soldiers. Crossbowmen were separated from the regular infantry and placed in
their own units as they were prized combatants, providing effective missile fire
against cavalry charges. The government was eager to sponsor new crossbow
designs that could shoot at longer ranges, while crossbowmen were also valuable
when employed as long-range snipers. Song cavalry employed a slew of different
weapons, including halberds, swords, bows, spears, and 'fire lances' that
discharged a gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel.
Military strategy and military training were treated as science that could be
studied and perfected; soldiers were tested in their skills of using weaponry
and in their athletic ability. The troops were trained to follow signal
standards to advance at the waving of banners and to halt at the sound of bells
and drums.
The Song navy was of great importance during the consolidation of the empire in
the 10th century; during the war against the Southern Tang state the Song navy
employed tactics such as defending large floating pontoon bridges across the
Yangzi River in order to secure movements of troops and supplies. There were
large naval ships in the Song that could carry 1,000 soldiers aboard their
decks, while the swift-moving paddle-wheel crafts were viewed as essential
fighting ships in any successful naval battle.
In a battle on January 23, 971, massive arrow fire from Song Dynasty crossbowmen
decimated the war elephant corps of the Southern Han army. This defeat not only
marked the eventual submission of the Southern Han to the Song Dynasty, but also
the last instance where a war elephant corps was employed as a regular division
within a Chinese army.
There was a total of 347 military treatises written during the Song period, as
listed by the history text of the Song Shi (compiled in 1345). However,
only a handful of these military treatises have survived, which includes the Wujing Zongyao
written in 1044. It was the first known book to have listed formulas for
gunpowder; it gave appropriate formulas for use in several different kinds of
gunpowder bombs. It also provided detailed description
and illustrations of double-piston pump flamethrowers, as well as instructions
for the maintenance and repair of the components and equipment used in the
device.
宋朝 La Dynastie Song 宋朝军事 范仲淹 晏几道减字木兰花 撼庭秋 岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Northern Song
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