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The Song Dynasty - Archaeology Decision Making 低碳生活 张智勇
Architecture
Architecture of the
Song Dynasty
Architecture during the Song period reached new heights of
sophistication. Authors such as Yu Hao and Shen Kuo wrote books outlining the
field of architectural layouts, craftsmanship, and structural engineering in the
10th and 11th centuries, respectively. Shen Kuo preserved the written dialogues
of Yu Hao when describing technical issues such as slanting struts built into
pagoda towers for diagonal wind bracing. Shen Kuo also preserved Yu's
specified dimensions and units of measurement for various building types.
The architect Li Jie (1065–1110), who published the Yingzao Fashi ('Treatise on
Architectural Methods') in 1103, greatly expanded upon the works of Yu Hao and
compiled the standard building codes used by the central government agencies and
by craftsmen throughout the empire. He addressed the standard methods of
construction, design, and applications of moats and fortifications, stonework,
greater woodwork, lesser woodwork, wood-carving, turning and drilling, sawing,
bamboo work, tiling, wall building, painting and decoration, brickwork, glazed
tile making, and provided proportions for mortar formulas in masonry.
In his book, Li provided detailed and vivid illustrations of architectural
components and cross-sections of buildings. These illustrations displayed
various applications of corbel brackets, cantilever arms, mortise and tenon work
of tie beams and cross beams, and diagrams showing the various building types of
halls in graded sizes. He also outlined the standard units of measurement and
standard dimensional measurements of all building components described and
illustrated in his book.
Games in the Jinming Pool, silk painting by Zhang Zeduan, depiction of Kaifeng,
Northern Song era.Grandiose building projects were supported by the government,
including the erection of towering Buddhist Chinese pagodas and the construction
of enormous bridges (wood or stone, trestle or segmental arch bridge). Many of
the pagoda towers built during the Song period were erected at heights that
exceeded ten stories. Some of the most famous are the Iron Pagoda built in 1049
during the Northern Song and the Liuhe Pagoda built in 1165 during the Southern
Song, although there were many others. The tallest is the Liaodi Pagoda of Hebei
built in the year 1055, towering 84 m (276 ft) in total height. Some of the
bridges reached lengths of 1,220 m (4,000 ft), with many being wide enough to
allow two lanes of cart traffic simultaneously over a waterway or ravine. The
government also oversaw construction of their own administrative offices, palace
apartments, city fortifications, ancestral temples, and Buddhist temples.
The professions of the architect, craftsman, carpenter, and structural engineer
were not seen as professionally equal to that of a Confucian scholar-official.
Architectural knowledge had been passed down orally for thousands of years in
China, in many cases from a father craftsman to his son. Structural engineering
and architecture schools were known to have existed during the Song period; one
prestigious engineering school was headed by the renowned bridge-builder Cai
Xiang (1012–1067) in medieval Fujian province.
Bracket arm clusters containing cantilevers, from Li Jie's building manual
Yingzao Fashi, printed in 1103.Besides existing buildings and technical
literature of building manuals, Song Dynasty artwork portraying cityscapes and
other buildings aid modern-day scholars in their attempts to reconstruct and
realize the nuances of Song architecture. Song Dynasty artists such as Li Cheng,
Fan Kuan, Guo Xi, Zhang Zeduan, Emperor Huizong of Song, and Ma Lin painted
close-up depictions of buildings as well as large expanses of cityscapes
featuring arched bridges, halls and pavilions, pagoda towers, and distinct
Chinese city walls. The scientist and statesman Shen Kuo was known for his
criticism of artwork relating to architecture, saying that it was more important
for an artist to capture a holistic view of a landscape than it was to focus on
the angles and corners of buildings. For example, Shen criticized the work of
the painter Li Cheng for failing to observe the principle of "seeing the small
from the viewpoint of the large" in portraying buildings.
There were also pyramidal tomb structures in the Song era, such as the Song
imperial tombs located in Gongxian, Henan province. About 100 km (62 mi)
from Gongxian is another Song Dynasty tomb at Baisha, which features "elaborate
facsimiles in brick of Chinese timber frame construction, from door lintels to
pillars and pedestals to bracket sets, that adorn interior walls." The two
large chambers of the Baisha tomb also feature conical-shaped roofs.
Flanking the avenues leading to these tombs are lines of Song Dynasty stone
statues of officials, tomb guardians, animals, and mythological creatures.
宋朝 La Dynastie Song French 范仲淹 晏几道减字木兰花 撼庭秋 岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Civil service examinations
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